Multistep Extraction Transformation of Spent Coffee Grounds to the Cellulose-Based Enzyme Immobilization Carrier

Mirna Brekalo, Blanka Bilić Rajs, Krunoslav Aladić, Lidija Jakobek, Zita Šereš, Saša Krstović, Stela Jokić, Sandra Budžaki and Ivica Strelec ()
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Mirna Brekalo: Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
Blanka Bilić Rajs: Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
Krunoslav Aladić: Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
Lidija Jakobek: Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
Zita Šereš: Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Saša Krstović: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Stela Jokić: Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
Sandra Budžaki: Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
Ivica Strelec: Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 17, 1-21

Abstract: The present study investigated the possibility of spent coffee ground (SCG) transformation to a cellulose-based enzyme immobilization carrier using a multistep extraction procedure. In the first step, SCGs were extracted with n -hexane by Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain SCG oil, while the remaining solid residue was subjected to continuous solvent flow sequential subcritical extraction with 96% and 50% ethanol and water. Afterwards, the obtained solid residue was subjected to alkaline liquefaction with 8% NaOH in order to remove lignin and produce cellulose-enriched SCGs as a potential enzyme immobilization carrier. Multistep extraction transformation of SCGs was monitored by chemical analysis of extracts and obtained solid residues. Soxhlet extraction of 100 g of SCGs yielded 10.58 g of SCG oil rich in linoleic and palmitic acid, while continuous solvent flow sequential subcritical extraction of 100 g of defatted SCGs yielded a total of 1.63 g of proteins, 5.58 g of sugars, 204 mg of caffeine, 76 mg of chlorogenic acid, and 11.97 mg of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. Alkaline liquefaction of 100 g of sequentially extracted defatted SCGs by 8% NaOH yielded 7.45 g of proteins, 8.63 g of total polyphenols, 50.73 g of sugars, and 20.83 g of cellulose-enriched SCGs. Based on the characteristics of cellulose-enriched SCGs including a volume-weighted mean particle size of 277 μm, relative narrow particle size distribution with a span value of 1.484, water holding capacity of 7.55 mL/g, and a lack of carrier leakage, it could be safely concluded that produced cellulose-enriched SCGs fulfills criteria to be used as potential enzyme immobilization carrier. Overall, it seems that the proposed multistep extraction transformation of SCGs has great potential to be used for the production of several high-value added products.

Keywords: spent coffee grounds; Soxhlet extraction; continuous solvent flow sequential subcritical extraction; alkaline liquefaction; cellulose-based enzyme immobilization carrier (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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