Health Expenditures, Human Capital, and Sustainable Development: Panel Evidence from the New EU Member Countries

Canan Şentürk, Gamze Sart (), Mahmut Ünsal Şaşmaz and Yilmaz Bayar
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Canan Şentürk: Department of Economics, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Türkiye
Gamze Sart: Department of Educational Sciences, Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul 34500, Türkiye
Mahmut Ünsal Şaşmaz: Department of Public Finance, Usak University, Usak 64000, Türkiye
Yilmaz Bayar: Department of Public Finance, Bandirma Onyedi Eylül University, Balikesir 10200, Türkiye

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 19, 1-14

Abstract: Both health and human capital are simultaneously resources and indicators of sustainable development. Therefore, this research article studies the causal interaction among total health expenditures, out-of-pocket expenditures, human capital, and sustainable development in eleven EU member countries during 2000–2020 through the panel causality test. The result of the causality test indicates that indicators of health expenditures, human capital, and sustainable development are closely interrelated, but the causal interaction among indicators of health expenditures, human capital, and sustainable development differs among the new EU members. On the one hand, health expenditures and human capital are significant factors underlying sustainable development. On the other hand, sustainable development is a significant determinant of health expenditures and human capital. Considering the significant role of human capital for sustainable development, education and training programs should especially be revised in a way to improve the sustainability and healthy life awareness and qualifications of the individuals. Furthermore, the digital transformation of health systems from both supply and demand sides should be supported by public health policies.

Keywords: health expenditures; human capital; sustainable development; new EU member countries; panel causality analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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