Treatment of Direct Red 28 Dye through Phoenix dactylifera L. Fruit Seed Biochar: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Phytotoxicity Studies

Riti Thapar Kapoor (), Mohd Rafatullah (), Husnul Azan Tajarudin, Masoom Raza Siddiqui and Mahboob Alam
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Riti Thapar Kapoor: Centre for Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201 313, Uttar Pradesh, India
Mohd Rafatullah: Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
Husnul Azan Tajarudin: Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
Masoom Raza Siddiqui: Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Mahboob Alam: Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 21, 1-20

Abstract: Wastewater discharge into aquatic systems has become a severe threat to the ecosystem. Herein, Direct Red 28 (DR28) dye removal from an aqueous solution was executed with the application of date fruit seed biochar (DFSB). Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized for the identification of functional groups and characteristics of the DFSB surface. A series of batch investigations were conducted to analyze pH, contact duration, biochar amount, dye concentration, temperature, and agitation speed on DR28 dye elimination from an aqueous medium by DFSB. The highest dye elimination, 97%, was recorded at a pH of 3 by DFSB at 250 mg/L DR28 dye concentration. The equilibrium data indicated the best fit with the Langmuir isotherm with R 2 = 0.99, showing 5.83 mg/g monolayer DR28 uptake potential. The best correlation coefficient of the sorption procedure was observed with a pseudo-second-order kinetic study. Investigations on thermodynamic variables disclosed favorable, impetuous exothermic processes. The sorption process was spontaneous as well as exothermic, which was reflected by analyses of thermodynamic parameters. DFSB showed a 33% DR28 dye adsorption ability for up to five successive cycles. DFSB-treated DR28 dye solution increased seedling growth and biochemical components of pigeon pea. The results of the present investigation revealed the significant capacity of DFSB for DR28 dye elimination. Date fruit seed biochar can be applied as an environmentally benign, sustainable adsorbent for DR28 dye removal from industrial effluent, as it is available at zero cost and converts wastewater into reusable biomaterial. Thus, the application of DFSB can assist in wastewater treatment, carbon sequestration, and waste management for a sustainable future.

Keywords: biochar; date fruit seed; direct red 28; wastewater; phytotoxicity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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