Evaluation of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn Concentrations in Water, Soil, and Fruit Samples in Sargodha District, Pakistan

Zafar Iqbal Khan, Rehan Haider, Kafeel Ahmad, Muhammad Nadeem, Asma Ashfaq, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Mikhlid H. Almutairi, Naunain Mehmood, Aima Iram Batool, Hafsa Memona, Ijaz Rasool Noorka, Shahzad Akhtar and Ilker Ugulu ()
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Zafar Iqbal Khan: Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Rehan Haider: Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Kafeel Ahmad: Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Muhammad Nadeem: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Asma Ashfaq: Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Mikhlid H. Almutairi: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Naunain Mehmood: Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Aima Iram Batool: Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Hafsa Memona: Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Ijaz Rasool Noorka: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Shahzad Akhtar: Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Ilker Ugulu: Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak 64000, Turkey

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 22, 1-17

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in the edible parts of grapefruit and kinnow fruit irrigated with sewage water (SW), tube-well water (TW), and canal water (CW). Preparation of the samples used in the study for metal analysis was carried out via the wet acid digestion method. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for metal determination. According to the results, Cu concentration ranged from 0.152 to 0.754 mg/L in water, 5.254 to 41.659 mg/kg in soil, and 0.128 to 0.864 mg/kg in fruit samples. Zn concentration varied from 0.574 to 2.723 mg/L in water, 17.812 to 112.954 mg/kg in soil, and 2.658 to 42.642 mg/kg in fruit samples. Fe concentration ranged from 0.254 to 1.245 mg/L in water, 10.635 to 48.638 mg/kg in soil, and 1.062 to 7.584 mg/kg in fruit samples. Mn concentration ranged from 0.154 to 0.638 mg/L in water, 51.283 to 183.865 mg/kg in soil, and 0.136 to 1.464 mg/kg in fruit samples. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated that Cu and Mn exceeded a PLI value of one, and Zn had a PLI > 1 only in sewage water-irrigated sites. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), and Health Risk Index (HRI) values for all metals were within permissible limits, indicating no immediate health risks associated with consuming these fruits.

Keywords: biomonitoring; health risk; trace metal; citrus (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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