Effects of Seasonal and Diel Variations in Thermal Stratification on Phytoplankton in a Regulated River

Eunsong Jung, Gea-Jae Joo, Hyo Gyeom Kim, Dong-Kyun Kim and Hyun-Woo Kim ()
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Eunsong Jung: Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Gea-Jae Joo: Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Hyo Gyeom Kim: School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
Dong-Kyun Kim: K-Water Institute, Daejeon 34350, Republic of Korea
Hyun-Woo Kim: Department of Environmental Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 23, 1-16

Abstract: Thermal stratification is an important driver shaping phytoplankton community and their habitat condition in freshwater ecosystems. However, studies on river stratification have been restricted to rivers below dams or reservoirs affected by their water release and lacked examination of diel stratification and its impact on phytoplankton, in particular. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the degree of thermal stratification, its environmental drivers, and the response of water quality and phytoplankton community against stratification in the mid-lower reach of the Nakdong River, whose morphology has been highly modified, including the construction of eight weirs. We implemented vertical temperature profiling at three study sites, both seasonally and diurnally. From this data, we calculated three stratification indices: relative water column stability (RWCS), Schmidt stability (S), and maximum temperature gradient (Max). These indices showed that most sites experienced diel stratification during summer (mean = RWCS 74.3, S 41.5 J m −2 , Max 0.9 °C m −1 ). Principal component analysis showed that stratification significantly led to seasonal and diel variations in the water environment. Solar radiation and air temperature were positive controllers, while a negative controller (in this case, the river flow rate) existed only for diel variation in the stratification. The seasonal shifts in phytoplankton community structure were either insensitive or showed a limited response to the stratification indices. In summer, Microcystis cell abundance and accumulation into the surface water was positively affected by the diel variations in the stratification indices and thermocline instead of with other temperature and nutrient variables. Overall, the results suggest that the river has summer stratification, which is involved in amplifying cyanobacterial bloom intensity. Without a suppressing factor, summer stratification is expected to be recurrent in the river, and thus mitigating the developed stratification is needed by promptly regulating the river flow.

Keywords: river stratification; diel stratification; thermal stratification index; vertical distribution; cyanobacterial bloom; phytoplankton community (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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