Genotoxicity of Synthetic Food Colors on Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in Agricultural Lands Irrigated with Wastewater of Corresponding Industries

Arooba John, Muhammad Luqman, Sohaib Muhammad, Uzma Hanif, Andleeb Anwar Sardar, Shaukat Ali, Ali Hasnain, Matiba Tufail, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain, Binyameen, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Amna Ejaz, Muhammad Shahzad Chaudhry, Hsi-Hsien Yang () and Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan ()
Additional contact information
Arooba John: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Muhammad Luqman: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Sohaib Muhammad: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Uzma Hanif: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Andleeb Anwar Sardar: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Shaukat Ali: Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Ali Hasnain: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Matiba Tufail: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Zafar Iqbal Khan: Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain: Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Binyameen: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Muhammad Naveed Anjum: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Amna Ejaz: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Muhammad Shahzad Chaudhry: Department of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Hsi-Hsien Yang: Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan
Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan: Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 4, 1-13

Abstract: Food colors are considered the most important component of foodstuff for enhancing the aesthetic appeal of the products. The rapid increase in population raised the demand for food materials, while wastewater from as-related processing industries is used for irrigation. This study was conducted to examine the genotoxicity of industrial wastewater on the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Three predominantly used synthetic food colors, including Azorubine E-122, Tartrazine E-102 and Allura Red AC E-129, were used during this project. Rhizobacteria were isolated from agricultural soils and treated with various concentrations of Azorubine E-122, Tartrazine E-102 and Allura red E-129 for a 24 and 48 h duration. DNA extraction and quantification were performed through a modified CTAB method, spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. A comet assay was used to check DNA damage. According to the results, all the food colors had caused significant damage to DNA depending upon the concentration and exposure time. The extent of DNA damage caused by Azorubine E-122 was relatively greater compared with the other colors, so the fragmentation rate of 86% and 92% was obtained at 1.25% concentration for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The current results have revealed the devastation capacity of food colors by accelerating distortion risk to soil micro-flora, hence the fertility of the soil.

Keywords: synthetic food colors; genotoxicity; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/2897/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/2897/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:2897-:d:1059007

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().