Comprehensive Review of Modification, Optimisation, and Characterisation Methods Applied to Plant-Based Natural Coagulants (PBNCs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman, Yeek-Chia Ho (), Lavania Baloo, Man-Kee Lam, Pau-Loke Show and Wawan Sujarwo
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Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman: Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Yeek-Chia Ho: Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Lavania Baloo: Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Man-Kee Lam: Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Pau-Loke Show: Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Shakhbout Bin Sultan St—Zone 1, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
Wawan Sujarwo: Ethnobotany Research Group, Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 5, 1-17

Abstract: This review investigates the modification, optimisation, and characterisation of plant-based natural coagulants applied to water treatment. The disadvantages of plant-based materials hinder their application as alternatives to chemical coagulants, necessitating their modification to alter and enhance their physicochemical properties, making them suitable for application. Modification via microwave-assisted grafting copolymerisation has been found to be the most preferred approach compared to conventional methods. Optimisation of the coagulation process using response surface methodology has been shown to be practical. Different techniques are used in determining the physicochemical properties of plant-based natural coagulants. Some of these techniques have been tabulated, describing the properties each technique is capable of investigating. In conclusion, modification and optimisation of plant-based natural coagulants will result in the production of new materials that are stable and suitable for application as coagulants in water treatment.

Keywords: coagulation; characterisation; modification; optimisation; water and wastewater treatment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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