Validation of “Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales” and “Changes in Psychological Distress during COVID-19” among University Students in Malaysia

Ahmad Shahrul Nizam Isha (), Gehad Mohammed Ahmed Naji (), Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Paula Brough, Abdulsamad Alazzani, Ebrahim A. A. Ghaleb, Amgad Muneer and Mohammed Alzoraiki
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Ahmad Shahrul Nizam Isha: Department of Management & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
Gehad Mohammed Ahmed Naji: Department of Management & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
Muhammad Shoaib Saleem: Department of Management & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
Paula Brough: School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4122, Australia
Abdulsamad Alazzani: Department of Accounting and Information Systems, College of Business and Economics, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
Ebrahim A. A. Ghaleb: Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32160, Perak, Malaysia
Amgad Muneer: Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32160, Perak, Malaysia
Mohammed Alzoraiki: Department of HRM, College of Administrative and Financial Science, Gulf University, Sanad 743, Bahrain

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 5, 1-16

Abstract: Objectives: This study assessed the reliability and validity of the DASS-21 self-reported measure in the context of COVID-19 on anxiety, stress, and depression. Through this Study, the psychological effect of COVID-19 on anxiety, tension, and depression amongst samples of students enrolled in 201 Malaysian private universities was assessed. Methods: The data were collected from university students through an online survey because of Malaysian Government Movement Control Order (MCO) restrictions. Two separate intervals were used for data collection (i.e., May and September 2020), as this period was associated with the pandemic. For scale validation, convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity criteria were used. Results: The outcome of a CFA model for DASS-21 yielded factor loading that is very significant. Therefore, the measure of the root means square error approximation (RMSEA) and the comparative fit index (CFI) are acceptable values that were produced, demonstrating a good fit for the data. Conclusions: This study was conducted in the Malaysian context to validate depression, anxiety, and stress among university students using the DASS-21 scale. Our findings support the reliability of using DASS-21 in the Malaysian cultural context. Lastly, we testified to the presence of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students through descriptive statistics and provided empirical evidence in this regard. Our results suggested that there was a significant presence of DASS among university students.

Keywords: COVID-19; depression; anxiety; stress; DASS-21 scale; university students (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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