Evaluation of Physicochemical and Amphiphilic Properties of New Xanthan Gum Hydrophobically Functionalized Derivatives

Madiha Melha Yahoum, Selma Toumi, Hichem Tahraoui (), Sonia Lefnaoui, Abdelkader Hadjsadok, Abdeltif Amrane (), Mohammed Kebir, Jie Zhang, Aymen Amine Assadi and Lotfi Mouni
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Madiha Melha Yahoum: Materials and Environmental Laboratory (LME), University of Medea, Nouveau Pole Urbain, Medea 26000, Algeria
Selma Toumi: Faculty of Sciences, University of Medea, Nouveau Pole Urbain, Medea 26000, Algeria
Hichem Tahraoui: Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Chimiques, Department of Process Engineering, University of Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria
Sonia Lefnaoui: Laboratory of Experimental Biology and Pharmacology, University of Medea, Nouveau Pole Urbain, Medea 26000, Algeria
Abdelkader Hadjsadok: Functional Analysis of Chemical Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Saad Dahlab University, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
Abdeltif Amrane: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ISCR—UMR 6226, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
Mohammed Kebir: Research Unit on Analysis and Technological Development in Environment (URADTE-CRAPC), BP 384, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza 42004, Algeria
Jie Zhang: School of Engineering, Merz Court, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Aymen Amine Assadi: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ISCR—UMR 6226, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
Lotfi Mouni: Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Natural Resources and Quality Assurance, SNVST Faculty, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira 10000, Algeria

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 8, 1-18

Abstract: This research aimed to develop new hydrophobic and potentially amphiphilic benzyl xanthan gum (BXG) derivatives using a Williamson synthesis. This modification consists of an etherification reaction between xanthan gum (XG) and benzyl chloride (BC) under microwave heating. The effects of the molar ratio (R = XG/CLB, with R equal to 2 or 4) on the amphiphilic character and the degree of substitution (DS) were studied. The two benzyl xanthan gum derivatives (BXG1 and BXG2) were subsequently subjected to various physicochemical and rheological characterization techniques. The obtained results of FTIR and H 1 -NMR spectroscopy showed the effectiveness of the grafting of aromatic moieties onto the XG molecule with DS values of 0.59 for BXG1 and 0.7 for BXG2. The XRD analysis revealed slight modifications in the xanthan crystallinity after etherification, where the degree of crystallinity (DOC) values were 8.46%, 10.18%, and 14.67% for XG, BXG1, and BXG2, respectively. Additionally, conductivity measurements showed that the BXG derivatives exhibit higher values than native XG, due to the inter- and intra-molecular associations following the grafting of aromatic groups. Moreover, the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) was detected at 0.32% for BXG1 and 0.28% for BXG2. The rheological study confirmed that XG and its BXG derivatives exhibited a shear-thinning pseudoplastic behavior and that the viscosity increases when the DS increases. The emulsifying power test of the BXGs compared to the native XG confirmed the amphiphilic properties of the new benzylated derivatives, where the stabilizing capacity increases with increased DS.

Keywords: xanthan gum; benzyl chloride; Williamson synthesis; benzyl xanthan gum; amphiphilic polysaccharides; oil in water emulsions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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