Estimating the Canopy Nitrogen Content in Maize by Using the Transform-Based Dynamic Spectral Indices and Random Forest

Shuting Yang, Jianbei Li (), Ji Li, Xuejian Zhang, Cong Ma, Zhengyu Liu and Mengyan Ren
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Shuting Yang: Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information Technology, NingXia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
Jianbei Li: Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information Technology, NingXia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
Ji Li: Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information Technology, NingXia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
Xuejian Zhang: Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information Technology, NingXia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
Cong Ma: Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information Technology, NingXia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
Zhengyu Liu: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210018, China
Mengyan Ren: College of Geography and Tourism, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 18, 1-15

Abstract: The monitoring of maize health status is crucial for achieving sustainable agricultural development. Canopy nitrogen content (CNC) is essential for the synthesis of proteins and chlorophyll in maize leaves and, thus, significantly influences maize growth and yield. In this study, we developed a CNC spectral estimation model based on transform-based dynamic spectral indices (TDSI) and the random forest (RF) algorithm, enabling the rapid monitoring of CNC in maize canopy leaves. A total of 60 maize canopy leaf samples and the corresponding field canopy spectra were collected. Subsequently, the canopy spectra data were transformed using centralization transformation (CT), first derivative (D1), second derivative (D2), detrend transformation (DT), and min-max normalization (MMN) methods. Three types of band combination methods (band difference, band ratio, and normalized difference) were used to construct the TDSIs. Finally, the optimal TDSI was selected and used as the independent variable, and the measured CNC was used as the dependent variable to build a CNC spectral estimation model based on the RF algorithm. Results indicated that (1) TDSIs can more accurately characterize the CNC in maize, with a correlation coefficient approximately 102% higher than those of raw spectral bands. (2) The optimal TDSIs included T D S I 1247 , 1249 C T - R I , T D S I 625 , 641 C T - N D I , T D S I 540 , 703 D 1 - R I , T D S I 514 , 540 D 1 - R I , T D S I 514 , 530 D 1 - D I , T D S I 540 , 697 D 1 - N D I , T D S I 970 , 1357 D 2 - D I , T D S I 523 , 1031 D 2 - N D I , T D S I 617 , 620 D T - R I , and T D S I 2109 , 2127 M M N - N D I . (3) The CNC spectral estimation model based on the optimal TDSIs, and the RF algorithm achieved accuracy indices with R 2 and RPIQ of 0.92 and 4.99, respectively, representing a maximum improvement of approximately 67.27% over the traditional CNC spectral estimation model (based on the R 2 value). This study provides an approach for the rapid and accurate estimation of CNC in maize, contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture.

Keywords: maize canopy leaves; nitrogen contents; spectral estimation; transform-based dynamic spectral indices (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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