Investigating Alternative Water Supply in Settlements: Cases from Turkana County in Kenya and Orangi in Karachi, Pakistan

Noman Ahmed (), Muhammad Sohail and Johana Ekwam
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Noman Ahmed: Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Muhammad Sohail: School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
Johana Ekwam: Catholic Relief Service, Lodwar 30500, Kenya

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 19, 1-17

Abstract: In urban areas, water is usually provided through piped systems from specific sources to consumers. Cities, towns, and peri-urban settlements typically benefit from piped systems, while rural areas rely on water supplies from surface sources like rivers and canals, as well as ground sources such as wells and tube wells. When traditional methods fail, alternative water supply systems emerge in both urban and rural areas. This paper addresses the question of whether alternative water supply arrangements are sustainable in terms of system reliability, consumer acceptance, cost-effectiveness, convenience, perceptions of service levels, and ease of access to service providers. This paper examines the status of alternative water supply arrangements in Turkana County, Kenya, and Orangi in Karachi, Pakistan, using qualitative methods. It highlights that underprivileged communities commonly turn to alternative water supply arrangements when conventional methods are unavailable or underperforming.

Keywords: alternative water supply; water supply access; water tankers; cost factors (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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