Navigating Sustainability: Revealing Hidden Forces in Social–Ecological Systems

Julen Gonzalez-Redin (), Iain J. Gordon, J. Gareth Polhill, Terence P. Dawson and Rosemary Hill
Additional contact information
Julen Gonzalez-Redin: Finance for Biodiversity Foundation, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
Iain J. Gordon: Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
J. Gareth Polhill: Information and Computation Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Terence P. Dawson: Department of Geography, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2B 4BG, UK
Rosemary Hill: College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 3, 1-23

Abstract: During the 1992 Rio Conference, the sustainable development agenda envisioned a transformative change for the management of natural resources, where the well-being of human society would be enhanced through the sustainable use of natural capital. Several decades on, relentless economic growth persists at the expense of natural capital, as demonstrated by biodiversity decline, climate change and other environmental challenges. Why is this happening and what can be done about it? We present three agent-based models that explore the social, economic and governance factors driving (un)sustainability in complex social–ecological systems. Our modelling results reinforce the idea that the current economic system fails to safeguard the natural capital upon which it relies, leading to the prevailing decoupling between the economic and natural systems. In attempting to find solutions for such disjunction, our research shows that social–ecological systems are complex, dynamic and non-linear. Interestingly, results also reveal that there are common factors to most social–ecological systems that have the potential to improve or diminish sustainability: the role of financial entities and monetary debt; economic speculation; technological development and efficiency; long-term views, tipping point management and government interventions; and top-down and bottom-up conservation forces. These factors can play a dual role, as they can either undermine or enhance sustainability depending on their specific context and particular conditions. Therefore, the current economic system may not be inherently unsustainable, but rather specific economic mechanisms, decision-making processes and the complex links between economic and natural systems could be at the root of the problem. We argue that short- and medium-term sustainability can be achieved by implementing mechanisms that shift capitalist forces to support environmental conservation. Long-term sustainability, in contrast, requires a more profound paradigm shift: the full integration and accounting of externalities and natural capital into the economy.

Keywords: sustainability; social–ecological system; natural capital; ecosystem services; biodiversity; agent-based model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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