Optimization of Controlled Low-Strength Material from Multi-Component Coal-Based Solid Waste

Tianxiang Chen, Ning Yuan (), Shanhu Wang, Xinling Zhang, Chaoyang Lin, Xinyue Wu, Qibao Wang and Dongmin Wang
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Tianxiang Chen: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Ning Yuan: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Shanhu Wang: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Xinling Zhang: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Chaoyang Lin: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Xinyue Wu: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Qibao Wang: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Dongmin Wang: School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 4, 1-16

Abstract: Recently, controlled low-strength material (CLSM) has been considered an easy-to-mix material, and the raw material is usually derived from solid waste, suggesting lower production costs. Moreover, the resource utilization of waste fosters the sustainable advancement of both society and the environment. In the present work, a CLSM with excellent performance was developed by adopting fly ash, bottom ash, desulfuration gypsum, and cement as the main cementitious materials, as well as gasification coarse slag and coal gangue as aggregates. An orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels was designed according to the ratio of cement to binder, the contents of water, and the water-reducing agent. Further, the macroscopic properties of flowability, dry density, bleeding, compressive strength, fresh density, porosity, and absorption rate of the CLSM mixtures were tested. To optimize the CLSM proportion, the ranges of three indicators of CLSM were calculated. Experimental results manifested that the fresh and dry densities of the mixtures were within the range recommended by ACI 229. The optimal levels of cement–binder ratio (i.e., the ratio of cement to binder), water content, and water-reducing agent content are 0.24, 248 kg·m −3 , and 0.80 kg·m −3 , respectively. Under this condition, the flowability was 251 mm, the bleeding was 3.96%, and the compressive strength for 3 d, 7 d, and 28 d was 1.50 MPa, 3.06 MPa, and 7.79 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the leaching values of eight heavy metals in CLSM and raw materials were less than the standard requirements, indicative of no leaching risk.

Keywords: controlled low-strength material; coal industry by-product; orthogonal experiment; range analysis; heavy metal leaching (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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