Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants in Apple Pomace (var. Belorusskoje malinovoje ) Using Response Surface Methodology: Scope and Opportunity to Develop as a Potential Feed Supplement or Feed Ingredient

Dunja Malenica (), Larissa Silva Maciel, Koit Herodes, Marko Kass and Rajeev Bhat ()
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Dunja Malenica: Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (ERA-Chair in VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 510014 Tartu, Estonia
Larissa Silva Maciel: Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
Koit Herodes: Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
Marko Kass: Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
Rajeev Bhat: Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (ERA-Chair in VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 510014 Tartu, Estonia

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 7, 1-19

Abstract: Apple pomace represents an underexploited source of bioactive compounds. This study examines the optimization of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant extraction yield of apple pomace (variety: Belorusskoje malinovoje ) using response surface methodology. The green extraction technique used was ultrasound-assisted extraction, and it was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The impact of extraction time and amplitude of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of polyphenols and antioxidants has been evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using an established TPC assay. The antioxidant activity of the apple pomace was determined using established assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH • ) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS •+ ). Furthermore, the potential of apple pomace as a feed material was explored by assessing its nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid content. The extraction of antioxidants and phenolic compounds was efficiently optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions for TPC and DPPH • analyses were achieved with an extraction time of 17.5 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction amplitude of 20%. Optimal conditions for ABTS •+ were 5 min extraction time and 20% amplitude. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods yielded comparable results. Moreover, apple pomace exhibits potential as a feed ingredient despite its modest protein content. This study contributes to the utilization of apple pomace by providing additional information on its antioxidant content and nutritional composition, thus contributing to its sustainable utilization in various industries, especially the livestock feed sector.

Keywords: apple pomace; green extraction; optimization; antioxidants; RSM; animal feed (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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