Optimal Rainwater Harvesting System for a Commercial Building: A Case Study Focusing on Water and Energy Efficiency

Douglas Alves, Rita Teixeira, José Baptista, Ana Briga-Sá () and Cristina Matos
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Douglas Alves: ECT—School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000−801 Vila Real, Portugal
Rita Teixeira: ECT—School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000−801 Vila Real, Portugal
José Baptista: ECT—School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000−801 Vila Real, Portugal
Ana Briga-Sá: ECT—School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000−801 Vila Real, Portugal
Cristina Matos: ECT—School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000−801 Vila Real, Portugal

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 10, 1-22

Abstract: Water stress is a significant issue in many countries, including Portugal, which has seen a 20% reduction in water availability over the last 20 years, with a further 10–25% reduction expected by the end of the century. To address potable water consumption, this study aims to identify the optimal rainwater harvesting (RWH) system for a commercial building under various non-potable water use scenarios. This research involved qualitative and quantitative methods, utilizing the Rippl method for storage reservoir sizing and ETA 0701 version 11 guidelines. Various scenarios of non-potable water use were considered, including their budgets and economic feasibility. The best scenario was determined through cash flow analysis, considering the initial investment (RWH construction), income (water bill savings), and expenses (energy costs from hydraulic pumps), and evaluating the net present value (NPV), payback period (PB), and internal rate of return (IRR). The energy savings obtained were calculated by sizing a hybrid system with an RWH system and a photovoltaic (PV) system to supply the energy needs of each of the proposed scenarios and the water pump, making the system independent of the electricity grid. The results show that the best scenario resulted in energy savings of 92.11% for a 7-month period of regularization. These results also demonstrate the possibility for reducing potable water consumption in non-essential situations supported by renewable energy systems, thus helping to mitigate water stress while simultaneously reducing dependence on the grid.

Keywords: water stress; rainwater harvesting system; non-potable water consumption; energy efficiency; photovoltaic systems (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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