The Real-Time Distributed Control of Shared Energy Storage for Frequency Regulation and Renewable Energy Balancing

Yuxuan Zhuang () and Xin Fang
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Yuxuan Zhuang: College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Xin Fang: Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-27

Abstract: With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources, distributed shared energy storage (DSES) systems play a critical role in enhancing power system flexibility, operational resilience, and energy sustainability. However, conventional scheduling methods often suffer from excessive communication burdens, limited scalability, and poor real-time responsiveness, especially when handling fast-changing frequency regulation signals and fluctuating renewable energy outputs. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a consensus-driven distributed online convex optimization method that enables a decentralized scheduling of energy storage units by leveraging the consensus algorithm for local decision-making while maintaining global consistency. Additionally, an adaptive event-triggered mechanism is designed to dynamically adjust the communication frequency based on system state variations, reducing redundant information exchange and ensuring convergence and stability in a fully distributed environment. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus test system show that the strategy reduces the communication load by 33–60% and improves the convergence speed by over 40% compared to baseline methods. It also demonstrates a strong adaptability to storage unit disconnection and reconnection. By enabling a fast and efficient response to grid services such as frequency regulation and renewable energy balancing, the proposed approach contributes to the development of intelligent and sustainable power systems.

Keywords: distributed shared energy storage; real-time frequency regulation; renewable energy balancing; adaptive event-triggered mechanism; online convex optimization; sustainable grid operation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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