Enhancing Mixed Traffic Stability with TD3-Driven Bilateral Control in Autonomous Vehicle Chains

Kan Liu, Pengpeng Jiao (), Weiqi Hong and Yue Chen
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Kan Liu: School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
Pengpeng Jiao: School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
Weiqi Hong: School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
Yue Chen: School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-30

Abstract: This study presents a TD3-driven Bilateral Control Model (TD3-BCM) aimed at improving the stability of mixed traffic flows in autonomous vehicle (AV) chains. By integrating deep reinforcement learning, TD3-BCM optimizes control strategies to reduce traffic oscillations, smooth speed and acceleration fluctuations, and enhance overall system performance. Stability analysis shows that TD3-BCM effectively suppresses traffic fluctuations, with system stability improving from 1.132 to 1.182 as AV penetration increases. At an AV penetration rate of 40%, TD3-BCM surpasses both Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) and traditional Bilateral Control Model (BCM) approaches in terms of traffic efficiency, safety, and energy use—raising trailing vehicle speed by 12.6%, shortening average headway by 19.0%, increasing Time-to-Collision (TTC) by 87.3%, and lowering fuel consumption by 14.8%. When AV penetration reaches 70%, fuel savings rise to 19.7%, accompanied by further improvements in both traffic stability and safety. TD3-BCM provides a scalable and sustainable solution for intelligent transportation systems, particularly in high-penetration AV environments, by significantly enhancing stability, operational efficiency, and road safety.

Keywords: TD3 algorithm; bilateral control model (BCM); mixed traffic dynamics; sustainable transportation; cooperative system; vehicle automation; energy management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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