Level of Service Criteria for Urban Arterials with Heterogeneous and Undisciplined Traffic Streams

Afzal Ahmed (), Farah Khan, Syed Faraz Abbas Rizvi, Fatma Outay, Muhammad Faiq Ahmed and Muhammad Adnan ()
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Afzal Ahmed: Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Farah Khan: Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Syed Faraz Abbas Rizvi: Department of Transportation Engineering and Mobility, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
Fatma Outay: College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai 144534, United Arab Emirates
Muhammad Faiq Ahmed: Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
Muhammad Adnan: Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-17

Abstract: Accurate evaluation of the prevailing traffic operations plays an important part in developing sustainable transport systems. This research examines the suitability of the level of service (LOS) criteria developed by the Indian and United States (US) Highway Capacity Manuals (HCM) for heterogeneous and undisciplined traffic streams and proposes new criteria using a data-driven approach. Traffic data were collected from a selected major arterial in Karachi, and fundamental diagrams were developed using these data. These fundamental diagrams and field-collected data were analyzed using the K-mean clustering approach to examine the actual traffic states at various LOS bands used in practice. Associating the field-measured volume-to-capacity ratio with the speed bands used for LOS analysis gives insights into actual traffic conditions at various LOS categories. The research shows that the volume-to-capacity ratio corresponding to the speed range for LOS A is about 0.45, which implies that the heterogeneous traffic moves with comparatively higher speeds despite an increase in traffic volume. The criteria for LOS were developed using the K-mean cluster analysis technique. The proposed values of LOS criteria for speed percentages are significantly higher than those reported in both the HCMs. This research highlights the need to develop separate LOS criteria for heterogeneous and undisciplined traffic for all transportation facilities. The development of such new criteria can provide researchers and engineers with a schematic for the effective and realistic evaluation of local traffic regimes.

Keywords: developing countries; highway capacity manual; fundamental diagrams K-means clustering; sustainable transport (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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