Predictive Control for Grid-Forming Single-Stage PV System Without Energy Storage

Xiao Zeng, Pengcheng Yang (), Hongda Cai, Jing Li, Yanghong Xia and Wei Wei
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Xiao Zeng: School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
Pengcheng Yang: School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
Hongda Cai: School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
Jing Li: School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
Yanghong Xia: College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Wei Wei: College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-13

Abstract: Unlike diesel generators or energy storage systems, photovoltaic (PV) arrays lack inherent rotational inertia and have output limitations due to their operational environmental dependencies. These characteristics restrict their suitability as primary power system backbone components. This study proposes a grid-forming (GF) control strategy for PV inverters in low voltage grid (LVG) using a model predictive control (MPC) approach. The proposed method introduces a novel predictive model accounting for capacitor dynamics to precisely regulate both AC-side output voltage and DC-side voltage. Furthermore, in this paper, P-V droop control replaces the traditional frequency regulation, achieving the real-time balance of DC/AC power and seamless sharing of multiple photovoltaic power sources. By integrating a modified cost function, the controller can flexibly switch between maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode and power reserve mode according to varying output demands. The proposed strategy can provide advanced frequency stability, MPPT accuracy, and fast dynamic response under rapidly changing solar irradiance and load conditions. Simulation and experimental tests are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Keywords: PV converter; grid-forming; predictive control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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