Rice Bran and American Ginseng Residue as Media for Black Truffle Solid-State Fermentation

Zih-Yang Lin, Zi-Jun Lin and Su- Der Chen ()
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Zih-Yang Lin: Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, Number 1, Section 1, Shen-Lung Road, Yian City 260007, Taiwan
Zi-Jun Lin: Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, Number 1, Section 1, Shen-Lung Road, Yian City 260007, Taiwan
Su- Der Chen: Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, Number 1, Section 1, Shen-Lung Road, Yian City 260007, Taiwan

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 12, 1-13

Abstract: American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium L.) residue from the extraction industry can be dried and mixed with rice bran as media for black truffle solid-state fermentation to enhance reuse and bioactive functions. Different ratios of rice bran (R) and American ginseng residue (G) mixtures were used as solid-state media for 5 weeks of black truffle fermentation, and then their bio-component contents and whitening effects were analyzed. Finally, four drying methods—hot air drying (HA), microwave drying (MW), hot air-assisted radio frequency (HARF) drying, and radio frequency vacuum (RFV) drying—were assessed to optimize drying efficiency for fermented medium. The results showed that using a 3:1 ratio of rice bran and American ginseng residue as the medium increased the crude polysaccharide and flavonoid contents by approximately threefold and enhanced the ginsenoside Rg3 content about twelvefold. Additionally, the 100 µg/mL ethanol extract of the fermented product inhibited 70% of tyrosinase activity and reduced the melanin area on zebrafish embryos by 42.74%. In the drying study, RFV drying R2G1 required only 13 min without exceeding 70 °C, demonstrating superior drying efficiency, temperature control, and low energy consumption. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of black truffle fermentation of solid-state media from rice bran and American ginseng residue mixtures for whitening applications and highlights RFV drying as an efficient method for by-products.

Keywords: American ginseng; rice bran; black truffle fermentation; radio frequency (RF); ginsenoside; zebrafish; whitening (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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