Durability Performance of Alkali-Activated Natural Pozzolan and Limestone Powder Mortar in Sulfate Environments

Adeshina Adewale Adewumi (), Babatunde Abiodun Salami, Mohd Azreen Bin Mohd Ariffin, Moruf Olalekan Yusuf, Khaled A. Alawi Al-Sodani and Mohammed Ibrahim
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Adeshina Adewale Adewumi: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
Babatunde Abiodun Salami: Cardiff School of Management, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
Mohd Azreen Bin Mohd Ariffin: Forensic Engineering Centre (FEC), Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction (ISIIC), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Moruf Olalekan Yusuf: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
Khaled A. Alawi Al-Sodani: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Ibrahim: Applied Research Center for Metrology, Standards and Testing, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 12, 1-23

Abstract: The pressing need for sustainable construction materials has identified alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional Portland cement. This study explores the synergistic performance of alkaline-activated natural pozzolan and limestone powder (AANL) blends against sulfate attack, evaluating mortar specimens immersed in sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and a combined sulfate solution over 12 months. The samples were synthesized using natural pozzolan (NP) and limestone powder (LSP) in three distinct binder combinations to evaluate the influence of varying precursor ratios on the material’s performance, as follows: NP: LSP = 40:60 (AN 40 L 60 ), 50:50 (AN 50 L 50 ), and 60:40 (AN 60 L 40 ). At the same time, the alkaline activators of 10 M NaOH (aq) and Na₂SiO 3(aq) were combined in a ratio of 1:1 and cured at 75 °C. The research examines the weight variations of the samples, their residual compressive strength, and microstructural characteristics under exposure to magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and a combined sulfate solution. In terms of weight change, samples exposed to Na 2 SO 4 gained weight slightly, with AN 40 L 60 recording the highest gain (3.2%) due to the ingress of sulfate ions and pore filling. Under MgSO 4 , AN 60 L 40 had the lowest weight gain (29%), while AN 40 L 60 reached 54%. In mixed sulfate, AN 60 L 40 showed negligible weight gain (0.11%); whereas, AN 50 L 50 and AN 40 L 60 gained 2.43% and 1.81%, respectively. Compressive strength retention after one year indicated that mixes with higher NP content fared better. AN 60 L 40 exhibited the highest residual strength across all solutions—16.12 MPa in Na 2 SO 4 , 12.5 MPa in MgSO 4 , and 19.45 MPa in the mixed solution. Conversely, AN 40 L 60 showed the highest strength degradation, losing 47.22%, 58.11%, and 55.89%, respectively. SEM-EDS and FTIR analyses confirm that LSP’s vulnerability to sulfate attack diminishes with increased NP incorporation, highlighting a synergistic interaction that mitigates degradation and retains structural integrity. The combination of 60% NP and 40% LSP demonstrated superior resistance to all sulfate environments, as evidenced by visual durability, minimized weight gain, and retained compressive strength. This study highlights the potential of tailored NP-LSP combinations in developing durable and sustainable AAMs, paving the way for innovative solutions in sulfate-prone environments, while reducing environmental impact and promoting economic efficiency.

Keywords: natural pozzolan; limestone powder; sulfate resistance; sodium sulfate; magnesium sulfate; and alkali activation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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