Energy Transition Framework for Nearly Zero-Energy Ports: HRES Planning, Storage Integration, and Implementation Roadmap

Dimitrios Cholidis, Nikolaos Sifakis (), Alexandros Chachalis, Nikolaos Savvakis and George Arampatzis
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Dimitrios Cholidis: Industrial and Digital Innovations Research Group (INDIGO), School of Production Engineering and Management, Akrotiri Campus, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
Nikolaos Sifakis: Industrial and Digital Innovations Research Group (INDIGO), School of Production Engineering and Management, Akrotiri Campus, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
Alexandros Chachalis: Industrial and Digital Innovations Research Group (INDIGO), School of Production Engineering and Management, Akrotiri Campus, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
Nikolaos Savvakis: Industrial and Digital Innovations Research Group (INDIGO), School of Production Engineering and Management, Akrotiri Campus, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
George Arampatzis: Industrial and Digital Innovations Research Group (INDIGO), School of Production Engineering and Management, Akrotiri Campus, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 13, 1-46

Abstract: Ports are vital nodes in global trade networks but are also significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Their transition toward sustainable, nearly zero-energy operations require comprehensive and structured strategies. This study proposes a practical and scalable framework to support the energy decarbonization of ports through the phased integration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) and energy storage systems (ESS). Emphasizing a systems-level approach, the framework addresses key aspects such as energy demand assessment, resource potential evaluation, HRES configuration, and ESS sizing, while incorporating load characterization protocols and decision-making thresholds for technology deployment. Special consideration is given to economic performance, particularly the minimization of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), alongside efforts to meet energy autonomy and operational resilience targets. In parallel, the framework integrates digital tools, including smart grid infrastructure and digital shadow technologies, to enable real-time system monitoring, simulation, and long-term optimization. It also embeds mechanisms for regulatory compliance and continuous adaptation to evolving standards. To validate its applicability, the framework is demonstrated using a representative case study based on a generic port profile. The example illustrates the transition process from conventional energy models to a sustainable port ecosystem, confirming the framework’s potential as a decision-making tool for port authorities, engineers, and policymakers aiming to achieve effective, compliant, and future-proof energy transitions in maritime infrastructure.

Keywords: hybrid renewable energy systems; energy storage systems; energy transition roadmap; sustainability planning; port decarbonization; nearly zero-energy ports (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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