Effects of Circumferential and Interaction Angles of Hydrogen Jets and Diesel Sprays on Combustion Characteristics in a Hydrogen–Diesel Dual-Fuel CI Engine

Qiang Zhang, Zhipeng Li, Yang Xu and Xiangrong Li ()
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Qiang Zhang: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Zhipeng Li: China North Engine Research Institute, Tianjin 300400, China
Yang Xu: China North Engine Research Institute, Tianjin 300400, China
Xiangrong Li: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 13, 1-24

Abstract: This study investigates the impact of circumferential angle (φ) and interaction angle (θ) between hydrogen jets and diesel sprays in a co-axial hydrogen–diesel injector on combustion and emissions in a hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel engine using 3D CFD simulations. The results demonstrate that a co-axial dual-layer nozzle design significantly enhances combustion performance by leveraging hydrogen jet kinetic energy to accelerate fuel–air mixing. Specifically, a co-axial alignment (φ = 0°) between hydrogen and diesel sprays achieves optimal combustion characteristics, including the highest in-cylinder pressure (20.92 MPa), the earliest ignition timing (−0.3° CA ATDC), and the maximum indicated power of the high-pressure cycle (47.26 kW). However, this configuration also results in elevated emissions, with 29.6% higher NOx and 34.5% higher soot levels compared to a φ = 15° arrangement. To balance efficiency and emissions, an interaction angle of θ = 7.5° proves most effective, further improving combustion efficiency and increasing indicated power to 47.69 kW while reducing residual fuel mass. For applications prioritizing power output, the φ = 0° and θ = 7.5° configuration is recommended, whereas a φ = 15° alignment with a moderate θ (5–7.5°) offers a viable compromise, maintaining over 90% of peak power while substantially lowering NOx and soot emissions.

Keywords: H 2 –diesel dual-fuel direct injection; circumferential and interaction angle; combustion; emissions; NOx and soot formation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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