Operational Design Considerations for Phosphorus Adsorption Media (PAM)

Younsuk Dong () and Steven I. Safferman
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Younsuk Dong: Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Steven I. Safferman: Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 13, 1-15

Abstract: Phosphorus Adsorption Media (PAM) is an emerging technology used to remove phosphorus from water and has the advantage of minimal operation and maintenance support when compared to biological and chemical treatments. Although the capacity of PAM has been researched, the understanding of important design parameters for PAM is lacking. Therefore, this study focused on determining critical design parameters for PAM, such as hydraulic loading, Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT), and its impact on the media’s capacity. In addition, the regeneration potential of PAM and the mathematical model for predicting the exhaustion of PAM are discussed to provide a practice tool for designing PAM. The results indicate that hydraulic loadings do not show a strong effect on PAM performance, as there are no significant differences between hydraulic loadings of 0.05, 0.12, and 0.22 mL/min/cm 2 . This study also showed that the higher EBCT (190 min) has higher removal rates than the lower EBCT (60 and 90 min). This indicated that EBCT is a critical design parameter for PAM. Laboratory studies demonstrating the regeneration of exhausted media by washing with a caustic solution have been conducted, and a qualitative study showed that exhausted media can be used in hydroponics. Batch testing showed that over 99% of the sorbed phosphorus was eliminated after six cycles of the regeneration process.

Keywords: phosphorus adsorption media (PAM); phosphorus; design; empty bed contact time; hydraulic loading (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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