Multi-Criteria Analysis of Three Walkable Surface Configurations for Healthy Urban Trees: Suspended Grating Systems, Modular Boxes, and Structural Soils

Magdalena Wojnowska-Heciak (), Olga Balcerzak and Jakub Heciak
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Magdalena Wojnowska-Heciak: Department of Landscape Architecture, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 166 Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
Olga Balcerzak: Department of Landscape Architecture, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 166 Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
Jakub Heciak: Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa, 55, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 13, 1-24

Abstract: The conflicting demands of urban trees and walkable surfaces result in significant financial burdens for municipal administrators who understand that urban residents want tree-lined walkable surfaces. This study investigates three methodologies for mitigating this tension: suspended grating systems, modular box systems, and structural soils. A Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) was conducted to evaluate their suitability in dense urban areas, employing criteria categorized into Environmental, Economical, and Other considerations. The comparison focused on critical aspects such as the impact on tree health (root growth, water availability), installation complexity, initial costs, and overall suitability for diverse urban contexts. The MCA indicates that, under the given weighting of criteria, suspended grating systems (especially those suited for existing trees) rank the highest, primarily due to their superior root protection and minimal disturbance to established root systems. In contrast, modular box systems and structural soils emerge as particularly strong contenders for new tree plantings. Structural soils may have application at sites with existing trees, but the costs of removing native soil are a consideration. Sensitivity analysis suggests that modular box systems may become the preferred option when greater emphasis is placed on stormwater management and new plantings, rather than on challenges for existing trees or underground infrastructure. Structural soils score well in cost-effectiveness and installation speed but require careful implementation to address their lower root protection performance and long-term maintenance concerns. Ultimately, the optimal solution depends on unique site-specific conditions and budgetary constraints, emphasizing the necessity of tailored approaches to balance urban infrastructure with tree health.

Keywords: pavement systems; urban green infrastructure; nature-based solutions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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