A Triple-Bottom-Line Performance Measurement Model for the Sustainability of Post-Mining Landscapes in Indonesia

Justan Riduan Siahaan (), Gagaring Pagalung (), Eymal Bahsar Demmallino, Abrar Saleng, Andi Amran Sulaiman and Nadhirah Nagu
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Justan Riduan Siahaan: Department of Development Studies, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Gagaring Pagalung: Department of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Eymal Bahsar Demmallino: Department of Environmental Studies, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Abrar Saleng: Department of Law, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Andi Amran Sulaiman: Department of Agribusiness, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Nadhirah Nagu: Department of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 13, 1-24

Abstract: Indonesia’s post-mining landscapes require an integrated governance approach to achieve equitable and sustainable reclamation. This study developed and evaluated the TILANG Framework (Triple-Bottom-Line Integrated Land Governance) as a multidimensional model that aligns ecological restoration, community empowerment, and institutional accountability. Based on a meta-synthesis of 773 academic and institutional remarks coded using NVivo 12, the study identified sustainable cacao agriculture as a viable compensation mechanism that supports livelihood recovery while restoring degraded land. The framework draws on six foundational theoretical components—Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Stakeholder Theory, Legitimacy Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Triple Bottom Line, and multi-level governance—and is operationalized through six implementation principles: Trust, Inclusivity, Legitimacy, Alignment, Norms, and Governance. The findings support performance-based land reclamation by embedding behavioral readiness and institutional co-financing into sustainability strategies. This model is particularly relevant to Indonesia’s ongoing land-use transformation, where post-extractive zones are shifting toward agroecological and community-centered recovery. The study found that (1) reframing land compensation as a restorative, performance-based mechanism enables more legitimate and inclusive post-mining governance; (2) sustainable cacao agriculture represents a viable and socially accepted strategy for ecological recovery and rural livelihood revitalization; and (3) the TILANG Framework advances land-use transformation by integrating corporate responsibility, behavioral readiness, and multi-level governance into a cohesive performance model.

Keywords: post-mining land reclamation; sustainable cacao agriculture; TILANG framework; stakeholder collaboration; land-use transformation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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