Urbanization in Resource-Based County-Level Cities in China: A Case Study of New Urbanization in Wuan City, Hebei Province

Jianguang Hou, Danlin Yu (), Hao Song and Zhiguo Zhang
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Jianguang Hou: School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
Danlin Yu: Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
Hao Song: Guilin Tourism University, Guilin 541006, China
Zhiguo Zhang: Hebei Foreign Studies University, Shijiazhuang 050094, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 14, 1-25

Abstract: This study investigates the complex dynamics of new-type urbanization in resource-based county-level cities, using Wuan City in Hebei Province, China, as a representative case. As China pursues a high-quality development agenda, cities historically dependent on resource extraction face profound challenges in achieving sustainable and inclusive urban growth. This research employs a multi-method approach—including Theil index analysis, industrial shift-share analysis, a Cobb–Douglas production function model, and a composite urbanization index—to quantitatively diagnose the constraints on Wuan’s development and assess its transformation efforts. Our empirical results reveal a multifaceted situation: while the urban–rural income gap has narrowed, rural income streams remain fragile. The shift-share analysis indicates that although Wuan’s traditional industries have regained competitiveness, the city’s economic structure is still burdened by a persistent negative structural component, hindering diversification. Furthermore, the economy exhibits characteristics of a labor-intensive growth model with inefficient capital deployment. These underlying issues are reflected in a comprehensive urbanization index that, after a period of rapid growth, has recently stagnated, signaling the exhaustion of the city’s traditional development mode. In response, Wuan attempts an “industrial transformation-driven new-type urbanization” path. This study details the three core strategies being implemented: (1) incremental population urbanization through development at the urban fringe and in industrial zones; (2) in situ urbanization of the existing rural population; and (3) the cultivation of specialized “characteristic small towns” to create new, diversified economic nodes. The findings from Wuan offer critical, actionable lessons for other resource-dependent regions. The case demonstrates that successful urban transformation requires not only industrial upgrading but also integrated, spatially aware planning and robust institutional support. We conclude that while Wuan’s model provides a valuable reference, its strategies must be adapted to local contexts, emphasizing the universal importance of institutional innovation, human capital investment, and a people-centered approach to achieving resilient and high-quality urbanization.

Keywords: urbanization; resource-based cities; high-quality development; sustainable growth; urban–rural income disparity; industrial transformation; shift-share analysis; composite urbanization index; Wuan City; Hebei Province (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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