Dual-Purpose Utilization of Sri Lankan Apatite for Rare Earth Recovery Integrated into Sustainable Nitrophosphate Fertilizer Manufacturing

D. B. Hashini Indrachapa Bandara, Avantha Prasad, K. D. Anushka Dulanjana and Pradeep Wishwanath Samarasekere ()
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D. B. Hashini Indrachapa Bandara: Center for Advanced Materials and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Computing and Technology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
Avantha Prasad: Center for Advanced Materials and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Computing and Technology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
K. D. Anushka Dulanjana: Center for Advanced Materials and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Computing and Technology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
Pradeep Wishwanath Samarasekere: Center for Advanced Materials and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Computing and Technology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 14, 1-21

Abstract: Rare earth elements (REEs) have garnered significant global attention due to their essential role in advanced technologies. Sri Lanka is endowed with various REE-bearing minerals, including the apatite-rich deposit in the Eppawala area, commonly known as Eppawala rock phosphate (ERP). However, direct extraction of REEs from ERP is technically challenging and economically unfeasible. This study introduces a novel, integrated approach for recovering REEs from ERP as a by-product of nitrophosphate fertilizer production. The process involves nitric acid-based acidolysis of apatite, optimized at 10 M nitric acid for 2 h at 70 °C with a pulp density of 2.4 mL/g. During cooling crystallization, 42 wt% of calcium was removed as Ca(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O while REEs remained in the solution. REEs were then selectively precipitated as REE phosphates via pH-controlled addition of ammonium hydroxide, minimizing the co-precipitation with calcium. Further separation was achieved through selective dissolution in a sulfuric–phosphoric acid mixture, followed by precipitation as sodium rare earth double sulfates. The process achieved over 90% total REE recovery with extraction efficiencies in the order of Pr > Nd > Ce > Gd > Sm > Y > Dy. Samples were characterized for their phase composition, elemental content, and morphology. The fertilizer results confirmed the successful production of a nutrient-rich nitrophosphate (NP) with 18.2% nitrogen and 13.9% phosphorus (as P 2 O 5 ) with a low moisture content (0.6%) and minimal free acid (0.1%), indicating strong agronomic value and storage stability. This study represents one of the pioneering efforts to valorize Sri Lanka’s apatite through a novel, dual-purpose, and circular approach, recovering REEs while simultaneously producing high-quality fertilizer.

Keywords: Eppawala rock phosphate; apatite; rare earth elements; REE recovery; fertilizer production; nitrophosphate; green mining; mineral valorization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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