Harnessing an Algae–Bacteria Symbiosis System: Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Complex Wastewater Matrices Treatment

Wantong Zhao, Kun Tian, Lan Zhang, Ye Tang, Ruihuan Chen (), Xiangyong Zheng () and Min Zhao
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Wantong Zhao: School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
Kun Tian: Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
Lan Zhang: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
Ye Tang: School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
Ruihuan Chen: School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
Xiangyong Zheng: School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
Min Zhao: School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 15, 1-32

Abstract: Complex wastewater matrices hinder the efficacy of conventional treatment methods due to the presence of various inorganic and organic pollutants, along with their intricate interactions. Leveraging the synergy between algae and bacteria, algal–bacterial symbiosis (ABS) systems offering an evolutionary and highly effective approach. The ABS system demonstrates 10–30% higher removal efficiency than conventional biological/physicochemical methods under identical conditions, especially at low C/N ratios. Recent advances in biology techniques and big data analytics have deepened our understanding of the synergistic mechanisms involved. Despite the system’s considerable promise, challenges persist concerning complex pollution scenarios and scaling it for industrial applications, particularly regarding system design, environmental adaptability, and stable operation. In this review, we explore the current forms and operational modes of ABS systems, discussing relevant mechanisms in various wastewater treatment contexts. Furthermore, we examine the advantages and limitations of ABS systems in treating complex wastewater matrices, highlighting challenges and proposing future directions.

Keywords: algae–bacteria symbiosis; synergistic mechanisms; complex wastewater matrices; bioremediation technology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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