Sustainable Integration of Prosumers’ Battery Energy Storage Systems’ Optimal Operation with Reduction in Grid Losses

Tomislav Markotić, Damir Šljivac (), Predrag Marić and Matej Žnidarec
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Tomislav Markotić: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Damir Šljivac: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Predrag Marić: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Matej Žnidarec: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 15, 1-28

Abstract: Driven by the need for sustainable and efficient energy systems, the optimal management of distributed generation, including photovoltaic systems and battery energy storage systems within prosumer households, is of crucial importance. This requires a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis to assess their viability. In this study, an optimization model formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem is proposed to evaluate the integration of battery storage systems for 10 prosumers on the radial feeder in Croatia and to quantify the benefits both from the prosumers’ perspective and that of the reduction in grid losses. The results show significant annual cost reductions for prosumers, totaling EUR 1798.78 for the observed feeder, with some achieving a net profit. Grid losses are significantly reduced by 1172.52 kWh, resulting in an annual saving of EUR 216.25 for the distribution system operator. However, under the current Croatian market conditions, the integration of battery storage systems is not profitable over the entire lifetime due to the high initial investment costs of EUR 720/kWh. The break-even analysis reveals that investment cost needs to decrease by 52.78%, or an inflation rate of 4.87% is required, to reach prosumer profitability. This highlights the current financial barriers to the widespread adoption of battery storage systems and emphasizes the need for significant cost reductions or targeted incentives.

Keywords: sustainable integration; prosumer; battery energy storage system; optimization; grid loss reduction; cost–benefit analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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