Developing the Urban Diversity Index (UDI): A Global Comparison of Urban Qualitative Aspect and Its Implications for Sustainable Urban Planning Using POI Data

Yuki Akiyama (), Chiaki Mizutani Akiyama, Kotaro Mizutani and Takahito Shimizu
Additional contact information
Yuki Akiyama: Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Tokyo City University, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan
Chiaki Mizutani Akiyama: Faculty of Engineering, Reitaku University, Chiba 277-0065, Japan
Kotaro Mizutani: Urban Spatial Research Institute, Inc., Tokyo 151-0071, Japan
Takahito Shimizu: Graduate School of Integrative Science and Engineering, Tokyo City University, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 16, 1-49

Abstract: Understanding urban diversity is critical to inclusive planning for sustainable urban development. This study introduces a new Urban Diversity Index (UDI) based on global point-of-interest (POI) data for food-related establishments—defined here as facilities that offer food and beverage services, including various kinds of eating and drinking venues —covering 249 cities across 154 countries. The UDI integrates three components: Pielou’s Evenness Index ( J′ ) to capture the balance of establishment types, a Coverage Ratio ( C′ ) to measure global representativeness of establishment categories, and density ( ρ ′) to reflect spatial concentration. By applying concentric buffer analysis around city centers, we evaluate the spatial profiles of diversity in each city. Results show that while cities like London and Istanbul have similar index components, they exhibit significant differences in the spatial extent and pattern of high-diversity zones, reflecting their unique morphological and regulatory contexts. Furthermore, the analysis of “Peak Distance Buffer Zones”—areas where UDI remains above 95% of its maximum—reveals diverse urban forms, particularly in Asian megacities. Scatterplots of standardized UDI and peak distances identify distinct typologies of urban diversity structures. Notably, urban population size showed no significant correlation with UDI values. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of globally standardized POI-based metrics in capturing the spatial heterogeneity of urban qualitative diversity and offers new insights into cross-city comparisons of urban complexity.

Keywords: urban diversity; qualitative evaluation of cities; global urban comparison; point-of-interest (POI) data; foursquare data; food-related establishments; geospatial analysis; sustainable urban planning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/16/7286/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/16/7286/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:16:p:7286-:d:1722996

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().