LEED v4 Adoption Patterns and Regional Variations Across US-Based Projects

Tayyab Ahmad (), Muhammad Shoaib and Razal Abdul Kadar
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Tayyab Ahmad: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
Muhammad Shoaib: Builtzero, West Palm Beach, FL 33417, USA
Razal Abdul Kadar: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 16, 1-33

Abstract: Despite the widespread adoption of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system, there is limited empirical research examining how different sustainability categories are implemented in practice or how methodological patterns influence certification outcomes. This study contributes to this understanding by analysing LEED v4 Building Design + Construction certification patterns across 1252 newly constructed buildings in the United States to understand the methodological foundations and identify improvement opportunities for the LEED framework. Using credit achievement degree (CAD) analysis, regional variation assessment, and correlation analysis, we examined category adoption patterns across nine US climate regions, investigated relationships between LEED categories, and analysed certification level influences. The analysis reveals significant disparities in category adoption, with innovation (80.7%) and regional priority (66.6%) achieving high implementation rates while the category of material and resources (41.1%) consistently underperforms. Statistically significant regional variations exist across eight of nine categories ( p < 0.05), with location and transportation showing the highest variability (CV = 20.1%). The category of energy and atmosphere demonstrates the strongest relationship with overall project performance (R 2 = 0.38), explaining 43% of total score variation and serving as the primary driver of higher certification levels. Most critically, inter-category correlations are weak (typically R 2 < 0.05), indicating that projects treat sustainability domains as separate challenges rather than integrated systems. Positive skewness across all certification levels (z-scores > 1.96) provides statistical evidence of strategic “point-chasing” behaviour, where teams target minimum thresholds rather than maximising comprehensive sustainability performance. These findings reveal fundamental methodological patterns that may limit LEED’s effectiveness in promoting holistic sustainability approaches. The compartmentalised implementation patterns and threshold-focused strategies suggest opportunities for structural refinements, including enhanced integration incentives, region-sensitive benchmarking, and certification frameworks that reward comprehensive rather than minimal compliance. This research contributes empirical evidence for evidence-based improvements to green building certification methodology and provides insights for more effective sustainability assessment tools.

Keywords: LEED; regional variation; credit achievement degree; correlation; point-chasing; green building (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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