Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle

Gakuto Yamada (), Hidenori Murata and Hideki Kobayashi
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Gakuto Yamada: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
Hidenori Murata: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
Hideki Kobayashi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka, Suita 565-0871, Japan

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 16, 1-17

Abstract: The mitigation of climate change impacts from the automotive sector is important for sustainable development, and for that purpose, synthetic liquid fuel vehicles (SLF-Vs) are being considered as a potential clean option alongside electric vehicles (EVs). However, the energy-intensive production of synthetic liquid fuels (SLFs) requires a thorough life-cycle analysis, as CO 2 emissions vary significantly depending on the power sources and feedstock production technologies. This study evaluates the life-cycle CO 2 emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan through long-term multiple scenarios up to 2050 and compares them with those of gasoline vehicles (GVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The results reveal that, in 2020, SLF-Vs’ life-cycle CO 2 emissions were more than 2.9 times higher than those of GVs. By 2050, SLF-Vs’ emissions could only decrease to BEV-like levels if Japan achieves significant decarbonization of its power grid. Even if hydrogen is produced via water electrolysis in Australia, where renewable energy is abundant, and then imported, emissions remain high if Japan’s power grid remains insufficiently decarbonized. This highlights the critical importance of expanding domestic decarbonized power sources, particularly renewable energy, to reduce the life-cycle CO 2 emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan.

Keywords: synthetic liquid fuel; e-fuel; system expansion; direct air capture (DAC); carbon capture and utilization (CCU); electrical power mix (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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