Gas Extraction and Earthquakes in the Netherlands: Drawing Lessons from the Response to Ongoing Social Conflict and Tensions

Nienke Busscher () and Ena Vojvodić
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Nienke Busscher: Department of Social Psychology, Kennisplatform Leefbaar en Kansrijk Groningen, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
Ena Vojvodić: Department of Social Psychology, Kennisplatform Leefbaar en Kansrijk Groningen, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 17, 1-24

Abstract: Since the onset of gas extraction in Groningen province, the Netherlands, more than 1700 earthquakes have taken place. This has resulted in damage to properties and safety issues for almost 28,000 buildings. As a result, an extensive reinforcement and damage repair operation started, due to which, many residents were temporarily relocated. Although the need for compensation and restoration was recognized from 2012, recent years are characterized by unclear and shifting responsibilities, bureaucratic complexities, and evolving compensation standards, leading to disparity and a further escalation of social impacts. This paper examines developments in the case from 2015 onwards, when the last overview article on this case was published. We observe that even after a decade of compensation efforts, many residents experience loss of trust in the government and endure chronic stress that impacts their well-being, family dynamics, and overall quality of life. We analyze the government-led mitigation and compensation system that in essence fails to address the grievances of local people. Even after broad recognition of the flawed system, the parliament did not fundamentally change it. In nine lessons, we underscore the global imperative for robust social impact assessments, ongoing social monitoring, and well-coordinated compensation frameworks. This is not only crucial to address socio-ecological distress, but also to build more accountable and sustainable institutional responses to future extraction endeavors.

Keywords: social impact assessment; induced seismicity; safety; Dutch disease; risk management; province of Groningen (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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