Vegetation Response to Climate and Human Interventions on the Loess Plateau: Trends, Variability, and the Influence of the Grain for Green Program

Jiangbo Li, Huan Liu (), Dandong Cheng (), Hangzhen Zhang, Guizeng Qi and Weize Wang
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Jiangbo Li: Xi’an Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Ecological Health in the Yellow River Basin, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
Huan Liu: State Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
Dandong Cheng: Xi’an Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Ecological Health in the Yellow River Basin, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
Hangzhen Zhang: Xi’an Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Ecological Health in the Yellow River Basin, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
Guizeng Qi: Xi’an Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Ecological Health in the Yellow River Basin, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
Weize Wang: State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 18, 1-21

Abstract: Since the launch of the Grain for Green (GFG) program in 1999, the Loess Plateau has undergone significant vegetation changes. However, the driving mechanisms behind these changes in the post-GFG period remain insufficiently understood. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation on the Loess Plateau from 1982 to 2015, based on long-term NDVI time series, and quantitatively identifies the relative contributions of climate variability and human activities using partial correlation and multiple regression residual analysis. The results reveal a significant increase in NDVI after 2000, with the annual variation rate rising from 0.0009 to 0.0028, and the proportion of rapidly greening areas expanding from 13.3% to 62.9%. Spatially, vegetation recovery was more prominent in the eastern and lower-latitude regions. While both climate and anthropogenic factors influenced vegetation changes, the latter became dominant after 2000. The area where human activities significantly enhanced vegetation increased from 1.9% to 60.6%, with the most notable improvements observed in forests, followed by croplands and grasslands. Vegetation in the southern plateau was more sensitive to temperature, while the northern region responded more strongly to precipitation. From 2000 to 2015, the GFG program contributed to increases of 17,059.46 km 2 in grasslands and 10,105.78 km 2 in forests. These findings improve our understanding of vegetation change drivers on the Loess Plateau and offer a scientific basis for ecological restoration, policy-making, and sustainable development in the Yellow River Basin.

Keywords: NDVI; climate changes; human activities; Loess Plateau; partial correlation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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