Spatial Typology of Lorena Avocado Production Systems in Colombian Lowlands (Casanare): Integrating Agronomic and Socioeconomic Characteristics

Juan P. Taramuel-Taramuel (), Iván A. Montoya-Restrepo, Aquiles Enrique Darghan Contreras, Diego Miranda Lasprilla and Dursun Barrios
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Juan P. Taramuel-Taramuel: Escuela de Administración y Contaduría Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
Iván A. Montoya-Restrepo: Departamento de Ingeniería de la Organización, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 050034, Colombia
Aquiles Enrique Darghan Contreras: Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
Diego Miranda Lasprilla: Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
Dursun Barrios: Grupo de Investigación Biogénesis, Departamento de Desarrollo Rural y Agroalimentario, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 18, 1-17

Abstract: Understanding the diversity of avocado production systems is crucial for developing effective agricultural policies and extension strategies. This study examined the Colombian avocado variety “Lorena” in the Colombian lowlands of Casanare through spatial typology analysis to inform sustainable agricultural development strategies. We employed spatial autoregressive modeling and clustering techniques to analyze data from 45 production systems, revealing heterogeneity despite small-scale operations with productivity (2.9 ton ha −1 ) below regional (8 ton ha −1 ) and national averages (11.03 ton ha −1 ). Five distinct typologies emerged: transitional traditional ( n = 15), intensive technical management ( n = 4), experience-based traditional ( n = 5), balanced management ( n = 10), and comprehensive technical systems ( n = 11). In contrast to conventional assumptions about economies of scale, productivity was not primarily determined by farm size, as smaller intensive technical management systems achieved the highest yields (3375 kg) despite having the smallest size (162.50 trees), followed by experience-based traditional systems (3280 kg). The spatial autoregressive model effectively captured spatial dependence in yield patterns, demonstrating the importance of geographic context in agricultural system analysis. Technology/practice adoption patterns varied markedly, with high adoption of established practices (>90%) but low foliar analysis adoption (17.78%). High organic fertilization adoption (93.33%) reflected a commitment to environmental sustainability but may partially explain productivity gaps, highlighting trade-offs between sustainability and short-term yield optimization. Socioeconomic analysis revealed characteristics of part-time farming systems, with 91.11% of producers having additional income sources and 95.56% using hired labor, suggesting evolved livelihood strategies that may enhance resilience. These findings challenge one-size-fits-all development approaches and demonstrate the need for tailored, spatially targeted interventions that account for specific production system characteristics, multiple pathways to sustainable intensification, and the complex interactions between productivity, sustainability, and socioeconomic factors in smallholder agriculture.

Keywords: smallholder farming; spatial clustering; sustainable agricultural development; Persea americana Mill; hybrid farmer (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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