An Optimal Two-Stage Tuned PIDF + Fuzzy Controller for Enhanced LFC in Hybrid Power Systems

Saleh Almutairi (), Fatih Anayi, Michael Packianather and Mokhtar Shouran
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Saleh Almutairi: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
Fatih Anayi: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
Michael Packianather: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
Mokhtar Shouran: Libyan Centre for Engineering Research and Information Technology, Bani Walid P.O. Box 38645, Libya

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 20, 1-39

Abstract: Ensuring reliable power system control demands innovative architectural solutions. This research introduces a fault-tolerant hybrid parallel compensator architecture for load frequency control (LFC), combining a Proportional–Integral–Derivative with Filter (PIDF) compensator with a Fuzzy Fractional-Order PI-PD (Fuzzy FOPI–FOPD) module. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) determines optimal PID gains, while the Catch Fish Optimization Algorithm (CFOA) tunes the Fuzzy FOPI–FOPD parameters—both minimizing the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) index. The parallel compensator structure guarantees continuous operation during subsystem faults, substantially boosting grid reliability. Rigorous partial failure tests confirm uncompromised performance-controlled degradation. Benchmark comparisons against contemporary controllers reveal the proposed architecture’s superiority, quantifiable through transient metric enhancements: undershoot suppression (−9.57 × 10 −5 p.u. to −1.17 × 10 −7 p.u.), settling time improvement (8.8000 s to 3.1511 s), and ITAE reduction (0.0007891 to 0.0000001608), verifying precision and stability gains. Resilience analyses across parameter drift and step load scenarios, simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrate superior disturbance attenuation and operational stability. These outcomes confirm the solution’s robustness, dependability, and field readiness. Overall, this study introduces a transformative LFC strategy with high practical viability for modern power networks.

Keywords: Load Frequency Control; Fuzzy FOPI–FOPD; Particle Swarm Optimization; Catch Fish Optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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