Life Cycle Assessment of Adjustable Permanent Magnet Drives for a Low-Carbon Transition in China’s Coal-Fired Power Systems

Yutang Zeng, Jingjin Pan, Meng Gao, Dong Liang, Ran Zhuo, Chuanbin Zhou and Bin Lu ()
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Yutang Zeng: State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Jingjin Pan: China Electronics Standardization Institute, Beijing 100007, China
Meng Gao: CSG Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, China
Dong Liang: International Copper Association Asia, Beijing 100020, China
Ran Zhuo: CSG Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, China
Chuanbin Zhou: State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Bin Lu: State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 21, 1-14

Abstract: The industrial motor systems account for 45% of global electricity consumption. A life cycle model is established to quantify the potential environmental benefits of typical adjustable permanent magnet drives (APMDs, 1250 kW) versus variable frequency drives (VFDs) in China. The model covers mining of metals, manufacturing, operation, and recycling phases of APMDs, incorporating empirical data from China’s 3232 coal-fired units. Four scenarios are set up: business-as-usual, moderate, aggressive, and full-retrofit. Key findings demonstrate that APMDs reduce operational energy consumption by 94.5% compared to VFDs through significantly declining frequency conversion losses and cooling requirements. The life cycle carbon emissions of APMDs (29.7 tonnes CO 2 _eq) represent merely 5% of VFDs emissions (570 tonnes CO 2 _eq), achieving a 95% reduction. Within APMDs’ footprint, recycling contributes a 45% emission offset (−13.3 tonnes CO 2 -eq), while operational efficiency drives the majority of the reduction. Sensitivity analysis identifies electricity emission factors, NdFeB production emissions, and metal recycling rates as primary sensitivity drivers (sensitivity index ST = 0.80). Scenario simulations confirm that the aggressive retrofit strategy (covering high- and moderate-potential units) could reduce annual GHG emissions of 3.12 million tonnes CO 2 _eq., with corresponding 89% decreases in particulate matter (PM). This research demonstrates that APMDs are an effective pathway for the low-carbon transition in coal power systems. Their large-scale implementation can potentially necessitate breakthroughs in tiered retrofit policies, thereby providing crucial technological support for industrial carbon neutrality.

Keywords: adjustable permanent magnet drive system; life cycle assessment; coal-fired power; GHG emission (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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