Feasibility and Implications of Biodegradable Diaper Alternatives

Vintia Mulungo and Thandi Patricia Gumede ()
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Vintia Mulungo: Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
Thandi Patricia Gumede: Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 22, 1-17

Abstract: Disposable diapers contribute significantly to municipal solid waste, with non-biodegradable polymers such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) persisting in landfills for centuries. Biodegradable alternatives, including polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), bamboo, and organic cotton, offer reduced environmental persistence, although challenges remain regarding cost, mechanical performance, and scalability. This review synthesizes current literature on these materials, highlighting their properties, biodegradation mechanisms, environmental performance, and commercial feasibility. In addition, we examine emerging biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), such as polysaccharide-based hydrogels, chitosan, and nanocellulose, essential for fully compostable diapers. Our review uniquely integrates material performance, tropical high-humidity degradation, cost considerations, and consumer acceptance, providing insights into both technological advances and barriers to adoption. Key challenges include high production costs, supply chain limitations, and maintaining performance parity with conventional diapers. Finally, we discuss sustainable waste management strategies, including industrial composting, and identify future research directions focused on optimizing biopolymer properties, safety, and life-cycle impacts. This synthesis informs researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers seeking to advance environmentally responsible diaper products.

Keywords: disposable diapers; low-density polyethylene; biodegradable polymers; polylactic acid; poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate); bamboo fibre; organic cotton; sustainable waste management; superabsorbent polymers; biodegradable hydrogels; nanocellulose (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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