Achieving Service Level and Sustainability Goals Through Targeted Inventory Forecasting in Re-Order Point Systems with Fill Rate Commitments

Jakub Wojtasik () and Joanna Bruzda
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Jakub Wojtasik: Doctoral School of Social Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Joanna Bruzda: Department of Econometrics and Statistics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 22, 1-20

Abstract: This study addresses the challenge of aligning inventory forecasting with sustainability and service level goals in re-order point systems. It introduces a semiparametric forecasting method based on exponential smoothing and M-estimation, designed to directly model reorder levels under fill rate (P2) constraints. The proposed approach is benchmarked against state-of-the-art techniques, including Generalized Autoregressive Score (GAS) models, volatility-adjusted smoothing, and DeepAR—a deep learning model for probabilistic time series forecasting. Using monthly demand data from the M3 competition, empirical evaluation demonstrates that the semiparametric method achieves high service level accuracy with low inventory and logistics costs, particularly under short lead times. DeepAR shows strong performance in minimizing inventory levels but tends to underestimate stock requirements under high service level targets. A hybrid strategy combining forecasts from multiple models proves robust across scenarios, reducing forecast risk. The findings highlight the potential of integrating traditional statistical methods with AI-based approaches to support resource-efficient inventory management. By minimizing excess stock and backorders, the proposed methods contribute to reducing environmental impact, offering practical solutions for organizations seeking to balance operational efficiency with sustainability.

Keywords: inventory forecasting; fill rate; re-order point system; exponential smoothing; M-estimation; data-driven algorithms; resource-efficient operations (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:22:p:10192-:d:1794525

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