Long-Term Effects of Crop Treatments and Fertilization on Soil Stability and Nutrient Dynamics in the Loess Plateau: Implications for Soil Health and Productivity

Farhat Ullah Khan, Faisal Zaman, Yuanyuan Qu, Junfeng Wang, Ojimamdov Habib Darmorakhtievich, Qinxuan Wu, Shah Fahad, Feng Du () and Xuexuan Xu ()
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Farhat Ullah Khan: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Faisal Zaman: State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Yuanyuan Qu: College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Junfeng Wang: College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Ojimamdov Habib Darmorakhtievich: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Qinxuan Wu: College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Shah Fahad: Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Feng Du: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Xuexuan Xu: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 3, 1-21

Abstract: Soil degradation and erosion pose significant threats to agricultural sustainability in fragile ecosystems, such as the Loess Plateau in northern China. This study examines the long-term impacts of fertilization regimes and land-use systems on soil health, focusing on soil aggregate stability, fertility, and crop productivity. Six treatment combinations were evaluated in our study, including three continuous alfalfa fields (AL-CK, AL-P, and AL-NPM) and three continuous wheat fields (WH-NPM, WH-NP, and WH-P), each representing a combination of land use and three fertilization treatments: (1) no fertilization (CK), (2) inorganic fertilization (120 kg ha −1 N, 60 kg ha −1 P-NP), and (3) a combination of organic and inorganic fertilization (75 t ha −1 cow manure-NPM). Soil samples were collected from three depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) to assess physical and chemical properties. We evaluated the long-term effects of different fertilization treatments on soil stability, fertility, and crop yield to explore the interactions among soil’s physical and chemical properties under two land-use types and to assess the effectiveness of combined organic and inorganic fertilization strategies in improving soil health and mitigating erosion in vulnerable landscapes. The study revealed significant depth-specific variations with surface layers (0–10 cm) showing the greatest improvement under NPM treatments, particularly in continuous alfalfa fields, which exhibited higher soil fertility, improved soil structure, and crop yield. In contrast, continuous wheat fields with minimal fertilization demonstrated significantly lower soil quality and productivity. Using the combination of mineral fertilizers and organic amendments, such as cow manure, proved to be the most effective strategy for significantly enhancing nutrient availability and overall soil health. Partial Least Squares Modeling (PLS-M) and Mantel analysis highlighted the critical role of fertilization management in maintaining soil quality, boosting crop productivity, and mitigating erosion in high-risk areas. This study emphasizes the importance of integrated nutrient management for sustainable land use and soil conservation in erosion-prone regions.

Keywords: soil stability; soil fertility; erosion; crop treatments; fertilization; alfalfa; wheat; PLS-M; Loess Plateau (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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