Green Vehicle Routing Problem Optimization for LPG Distribution: Genetic Algorithms for Complex Constraints and Emission Reduction

Nur Indrianti (), Raden Achmad Chairdino Leuveano, Salwa Hanim Abdul-Rashid and Muhammad Ihsan Ridho
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Nur Indrianti: Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Raden Achmad Chairdino Leuveano: Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Salwa Hanim Abdul-Rashid: Center for Sustainable and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Muhammad Ihsan Ridho: Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 3, 1-25

Abstract: This study develops a Green Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) model to address key logistics challenges, including time windows, simultaneous pickup and delivery, heterogeneous vehicle fleets, and multiple trip allocations. The model incorporates emissions-related costs, such as carbon taxes, to encourage sustainable supply chain operations. Emissions are calculated based on the total shipment weight and the travel distance of each vehicle. The objective is to minimize operational costs while balancing economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize vehicle routing and allocation, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. A Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) distribution case study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, validates the model’s effectiveness. The results show significant cost savings compared to current route planning methods, alongside a slight increase in carbon. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by testing the model with varying numbers of stations, revealing its robustness and the impact of the station density on the solution quality. By integrating carbon taxes and detailed emission calculations into its objective function, the GVRP model offers a practical solution for real-world logistics challenges. This study provides valuable insights for achieving cost-effective operations while advancing green supply chain practices.

Keywords: green vehicle routing; vehicle-to-route allocations; genetic algorithm; carbon tax (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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