Design and Implementation of a Distributed IoT System for Monitoring of Gases Emitted by Vehicles That Use Biofuels

Camilo Caraveo Mena, José Alejandro Suastegui Macias (), Leticia Cervantes Huerta, Juan Antonio Ruiz Ochoa, Samantha Jiménez Calleros and Armando Sánchez-Pérez ()
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Camilo Caraveo Mena: Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico
José Alejandro Suastegui Macias: Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calle de la Normal s/n, Col. Insurgentes Este C.P., Mexicali 21280, Mexico
Leticia Cervantes Huerta: Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico
Juan Antonio Ruiz Ochoa: Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico
Samantha Jiménez Calleros: Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico
Armando Sánchez-Pérez: Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22260, Mexico

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 3, 1-17

Abstract: Global fossil fuel consumption, including diesel and gasoline, significantly contributes to emissions. Understanding emission percentages and types is critical. Alternative energies, like hydrogen mixed with gasoline, help mitigate emissions in sectors such as transport and energy. Hydrogen-gasoline blends in internal combustion engines improve the combustion process but require studying engine behavior and carbon footprint. This research designs a low-cost sensor network to monitor combustion emissions and provide reliable data for statistical comparison across vehicles. Two synchronized client–server software systems are proposed. The client software runs on an IoT development board (ESP32) and communicates with sensors via the ESP-NOW protocol to detect and collect gas data, transmitting it wirelessly to the web server. The server software provides a user-friendly interface for data control and visualization from a ground station. Tests used 100% Mexican gasoline (G100) and hydrogen-gasoline blends (GH) with a hydrogen cell electrolyte concentration of 0.0211 mL/gal (80 mL). A single vehicle followed the same route at 40–60 km/h, collecting data every 30 s over three trials. Results showed average reductions of 5% and 10% in CO and CO 2 emissions, respectively, with GH fuel.

Keywords: distributed IoT system; emissions; biofuels; IoT; monitoring; open source (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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