Application of Steel Waste as a Heterogenous Catalyst in Advanced Oxidation Processes—Preliminary Study

Sabina Ziembowicz (), Małgorzata Kida and Karolina Sarzyńska
Additional contact information
Sabina Ziembowicz: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, AVE Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Małgorzata Kida: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, AVE Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Karolina Sarzyńska: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, AVE Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 3, 1-15

Abstract: The suitability of steel shavings (SS) as a low-cost waste catalyst in catalytic ozonation and the heterogeneous Fenton process was evaluated. Three dyes were selected for the research: Indigo Carmine, Tartrazine, and Allura Red AC. Single processes (oxidation by H 2 O 2 , O 3 , and heterogeneous Fenton process) and hybrid processes (O 3 + Fenton) were applied. The Fenton process had the highest efficiency at pH = 3 and with the highest dose of catalyst (5 mg of SS) and hydrogen peroxide (30 µL). More than 98% discoloration of the solution was observed in 10 min. Analyzing ozone-based processes, they can be ranked with the highest efficiency as follows: (O 3 + H 2 O 2 + SS) > (O 3 + H 2 O 2 ) > O 3 > (O 3 + SS). The combination of the Fenton process (5 mg of SS + 15 µL of H 2 O 2 ) with ozonation accelerated the reaction rate in the case of Indigo Carmine. In the hybrid process, only 5 min were enough for complete decolorization, while more than 98% in the Fenton process was reached after 30 min. Kinetic studies revealed that the degradation of dyes in an aqueous solution through advanced oxidation processes followed first- and second-order reaction kinetics. The calculation of the energy requirement confirmed that the most economic process for removing Indigo Carmine was the O 3 +Fenton process (SS dose = 5 mg, H 2 O 2 dose = 15 µL, pH = 3).

Keywords: dyes; waste material; heterogenous catalyst; Fenton process; ozonation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/3/1187/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/3/1187/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:3:p:1187-:d:1581879

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().