Characterization of Kariya ( Hildegardia barteri (Mast.) Kosterm) Seed Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Prepared from Basic Catalytic Transesterification

Adenike-Adeniyi Evelyn Aremo, Abiodun Oluwafemi Oluwadare, John Oluwole Aremo, Hasan Celik, Joshua Heyne, Yinglei Han and Blake A. Simmons ()
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Adenike-Adeniyi Evelyn Aremo: Department of Forest Production and Products, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
Abiodun Oluwafemi Oluwadare: Department of Forest Production and Products, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
John Oluwole Aremo: Ajani’s Laboratory, Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
Hasan Celik: Pines Magnetic Resonance Center, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 92697, USA
Joshua Heyne: Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
Yinglei Han: Deconstruction Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Blake A. Simmons: Deconstruction Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 3, 1-15

Abstract: The rising global energy demand, alongside concerns regarding environmental deterioration due to the use of fossil fuels, has spurred extensive investigation into renewable energy alternatives. Biomass-derived biodiesel, especially from lesser-known oil sources, emerges as a promising option. This research focuses on analyzing the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) derived from Kariya ( Hildegardia barteri (Mast.) Kosterm) seed oil through basic catalytic transesterification using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) analysis, assessing its potential as a biodiesel feedstock. Oil extraction from Kariya seeds was carried out using three solvents (n-hexane, ethanol, and a 1:1 blend of hexane and ethanol), followed by transesterification with methanol. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC–FID analyses were utilized to identify and quantify FAMEs in the resulting biodiesel. The results revealed various FAMEs, including methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate. Significant differences in FAME composition were observed among the samples, with hexane–ethanol Kariya oil biodiesel (HE-KOB) showing the highest FAME content (76.1%). This combination of solvents exhibited synergistic effects on the composition of HE-KOB, suggesting potential optimization strategies for biodiesel production. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided additional insights into the molecular composition of the biodiesel samples, confirming their biodiesel nature through the identified functional groups such as methyl, methylene, hydrocarbon, ester, aldehyde, and alkene. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal decomposition also gave an insight into FAME composition and its contribution to the degree of conversion of biodiesel to energy. These findings highlight the feasibility of utilizing Kariya seed oil as a biodiesel feedstock, emphasizing the importance of solvent selection and transesterification conditions in optimizing FAME yield and composition. This research contributes to the exploration of underutilized oil sources for sustainable biodiesel production, aligning with the global shift towards cleaner and renewable energy sources.

Keywords: Kariya seed oil; FAME; biodiesel characterization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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