Teaching Green Chemistry in Higher Education: Contributions of a Problem-Based Learning Proposal for Understanding the Principles of Green Chemistry

Carlos Renato Strombeck Vaz, Carla Morais (), Julio Cezar Pastre and Gildo Girotto Júnior
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Carlos Renato Strombeck Vaz: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
Carla Morais: CIQUP, IMS, Science Teaching Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Julio Cezar Pastre: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
Gildo Girotto Júnior: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 5, 1-33

Abstract: This paper investigates a proposal for teaching Green Chemistry concepts through the implementation of a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach in a specific and optional course on the subject in higher education. The main objective was to analyze the effect of implementing Problem-Based Learning (PBL) didactics on understanding Green Chemistry principles within a course with 8 university students. Through this methodology, students analyzed case studies involving the identification of GC principles in industrial redesign processes and the problematization of controversial situations related to the importance of discussions on chemical processes. Two specific cases, bio-based butylene glycol and enzymatic treatment of paper, were used to test students’ ability to recognize and justify the relevance of these principles. Additionally, another activity about the synthesis of acetanilide allowed students to identify which of four methodologies could be considered the greenest, considering different aspects. The research revealed that although the PBL approach effectively engaged students and deepened their understanding of GC principles, some concepts presented challenges. Certain principles of Green Chemistry, such as atom economy and catalysis, proved complex for some students, leading to confusion and challenges in assessing the “greenness” of processes. Nonetheless, students demonstrated improved knowledge and practical application of GC principles, linking them to industrial processes like bio-based material production and analyzing the benefits and drawbacks of different methods for producing the same substance. This study highlighted the value of a dedicated PBL approach with adequate resources to foster discussions and understanding. However, elective courses often attract only those already familiar with the subject, limiting broader engagement and field expansion. Disparities in case material quality, particularly for bio-based butylene glycol and acetanilide production, underscored the need for well-structured resources. Future research should include larger sample sizes for statistical validation and more class time for discussions and supplemental activities. This study contributes to the literature on active learning strategies, showcasing PBL’s potential to enhance sustainable chemical education.

Keywords: green chemistry; higher education; case study; education for sustainable development (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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