Dynamic Load Flow in Modern Power Systems: Renewables, Crypto Mining, and Electric Vehicles

Ozan Gül ()
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Ozan Gül: Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Bingol University, 12000 Bingol, Turkey

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 6, 1-24

Abstract: The modern electric power-distribution grid is increasingly integrating various components, including distributed sources of renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs), and Bitcoin-mining operations. This shift signals a transformation in energy management and consumption. The growing presence of solar and wind energy contributes to a more diversified and sustainable energy mix, while the incorporation of EVs advances the pursuit of sustainable transportation. However, the addition of Bitcoin-mining operations introduces new complexities, raising concerns over energy consumption and grid stability. To address these challenges, this study conducted 24-h load-flow analyses on a power system that integrates intermittent renewable sources, Bitcoin-mining farms, and EVs, considering the variability in power demand. The analysis examined changes in bus voltage and power factor throughout the day using a Matlab/Simulink 2016b program. Simulation results indicate that bus voltages remained relatively stable despite the fluctuations in the generation of renewable energy and load variations. However, as the penetration of distributed generation of renewable energy increased, power factors exhibited a significant decline, dropping as low as 0.59 at certain buses due to increased injection of reactive power. At 13:00, during the period of peak generation of solar energy and high EV demand, voltage levels increased by up to 1.1 p.u., while power factors deteriorated significantly. This study highlights the importance of limiting the production of reactive power from local renewable sources under high-production conditions to sustain power factor stability. The findings emphasize the importance of detecting unfavorable system conditions and implementing safeguards to ensure reliable resource management in the evolving landscape of electric power-distribution grids.

Keywords: Bitcoin-mining operations; distributed source; electric vehicles; load-flow analysis based on daily hours; renewable power sources (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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