Research Progress on CO 2 Emission Simulation for Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles

Yanyi Chong, Han Jiang, Gang Li, Min Guan, Yanjun Wang () and Hang Yin ()
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Yanyi Chong: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Han Jiang: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Gang Li: Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Min Guan: Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Yanjun Wang: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Hang Yin: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 7, 1-16

Abstract: Carbon emissions are currently a hot topic in the international community. CO 2 reduction from heavy-duty commercial vehicles plays a significant role in slowing down the global greenhouse effect and promoting sustainable development. To control carbon emissions, many countries have tightened CO 2 emission regulations and policy requirements for heavy-duty commercial vehicles in recent years. Various CO 2 emission simulation models have been developed, such as the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM) in the United States and the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) in the European Union, to evaluate the real CO 2 emission levels of commercial vehicles and provide a scientific basis for formulating corresponding emission reduction policies and control measures. This paper systematically analyzes the CO 2 emission regulations and policy requirements for heavy-duty commercial vehicles in the United States, the European Union, China, and other developed countries. It also analyzes the GEM software in the United States, the VECTO software used in Europe, and the energy consumption simulation software for commercial vehicles in China. The influencing factors of CO 2 emission simulation are explored in detail. This study found that, although GEM and VECTO software are recognized for their high accuracy, their applications are still dependent on local policies. In other countries and regions, VECTO software has broader applicability. On the other hand, China’s commercial vehicle energy consumption simulation software and other reported studies have only been validated for specific vehicle types. The accuracy and generalizability of these models should be further promoted and verified.

Keywords: heavy duty vehicles; emission simulation; CO 2 emission (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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