Carbon Assessment of Greek Organic Red Wine with Life Cycle Assessment and Planetary Boundaries

Georgios Archimidis Tsalidis (), Zoi-Panagiota Kryona, Kiriaki Hatzisavva, Gijsbert Korevaar and Spyridon Rapsomanikis
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Georgios Archimidis Tsalidis: Environmental and Networking Technologies and Applications Unit, Athena—Research and Innovation Center in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Zoi-Panagiota Kryona: Environmental and Networking Technologies and Applications Unit, Athena—Research and Innovation Center in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Kiriaki Hatzisavva: Hatzisavva Vineyards and Winery, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
Gijsbert Korevaar: Engineering Systems and Services Department, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
Spyridon Rapsomanikis: Environmental and Networking Technologies and Applications Unit, Athena—Research and Innovation Center in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies, 67100 Xanthi, Greece

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 7, 1-18

Abstract: Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a reference methodology to evaluate environmental impacts along supply chains of products. Planetary boundaries (PBs) were developed to define the safe operating space (SOS) for humanity. So far, no study has investigated whether wine production and consumption result in crossing the planetary boundary of climate change and no SOS has been calculated for wine production in Greece. Our study applies an LCA according to the European Product footprint environmental category rules to calculate the climate change score of a bottle of 0.75 L of Greek red organic wine in 2021 and 2026, and also applies planetary boundaries to investigate whether the climate change boundary is exceeded. The latter employed the calculation of a SOS based on four partitioning methods: grandfathering principle, economic value, agricultural land area use, and calorific content. The LCA results showed that wine is a carbon emitter. The 2021, 2026-Low yield, and 2026-High yield systems resulted in positive climate change scores between 0.69–1.14 kg CO 2 eq.bottle wine −1 . The PBs revealed that carbon emissions of wine production in 2021 exceeded all four SOSs, while carbon emissions of expected wine production in 2026 remained within the SOS of grandfathering, economic value and agricultural land area use partitionings, but exceeded the SOS of the caloric content partitioning. The PB method can be complementary to LCA results in terms of providing context to decision-makers in business and public policy on whether red organic wine production and consumption remain within ecological constraints on human development.

Keywords: CO 2; viticulture; product environmental footprint; climate change; planetary boundaries (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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