Integrated Smart City Solutions: A Multi-Axis Approach for Sustainable Development in Varanasi

Flavia Vespasiano (), Tejas Gujrati, Behnam Abbasi and Fabio Bisegna
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Flavia Vespasiano: Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
Tejas Gujrati: Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
Behnam Abbasi: Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
Fabio Bisegna: Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 7, 1-27

Abstract: In this era of perpetual advancement and innovation, the term “smart” is frequently misused. Linking smartness to a city should reflect and solve multiple problems with a single solution. A city, district, or area can only be smart when it contemplates different development axes rather than having just a single strength. This work is an effort to make an area of Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India, smart by concentrating the actions on five principal axes—Environment, Energy, Mobility, Community, and Economy. Practical indicators have been selected and well formalised to obtain an output value that can support the methodology to rank each action in its executable manner. Software like ENVI-met (to simulate greening and pollution) and PVSyst (to simulate rooftop solar PV) have been used to simulate the actions proposed, and a detailed discussion for each result has been presented. The methodology involves the creation of a model based on morphological, structural, and environmental data, as well as using SWOT analysis and community feedback to identify key areas for intervention. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed interventions, with notable reductions in CO 2 emissions, improved air quality, and significant energy savings through the implementation of Nature-Based Solutions, solar PV systems, and electric mobility.

Keywords: smart cities; sustainable development; urban heat island; natural based solutions; smart energy systems; environmental quality; regenerative urban design (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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